|
60 |
5 W's |
3/9/2007 |
The Five "W's" of Survival: _____________
Weather: Temperature of the area, know what kind of shelter you need.______________
Wood: How much wood is around for both fire and shelter.___________
Wigglies: spiders, scorpions, snakes, anything that can bite you or poison you.________________
Widowmakers: rocks, trees, large animals, anything that can fall on you or attack you.__________________
Water: Where will you get water, how will you obtain it.
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|
23 |
Alochol Stoves |
12/24/2006 |
http://zenstoves.net/Stoves.htm |
|
543 |
audible signals |
6/26/2008 |
Audible signals should be made in rhythmic bursts of three. A long whistle blast sounds like a hawk from a distance, but 3 timed short blasts sound like a signal for help. Gunshots and car horns also should be timed in groups of three. Yelling is the poorest alternative. A whistle is a very good emergency item -- especially for children, who may be frightened by strange noises at night. If the noise is caused by searchers, a whistle will bring them closer. If caused by animals, real or imagined, a whistle will scare them away.
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|
51 |
Avalanche Transmitters |
2/26/2007 |
According to Klaus Kranebitter, a mountain guide and one of the founders of SAAC, a recent survey into the use of radio transceivers produced some alarming figures. The average time required to locate a ski tourer buried in an avalanche and not carrying a transceiver was two hours and 50 minutes. For those carrying a transceiver, the average time fell to 20 minutes - at which time the chances of survival are still good. Yet the survey found that a third of ski tourers and two thirds of people venturing off-piste went without a transceiver.
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|
66 |
Avalanche: Wet Snow |
3/31/2007 |
Wet Snow Avalanche:
Most avalanche professionals make a hard distinction between dry snow and wet snow avalanches because they are such different beasts. They are caused by different processes, they fail and fracture differently, they are triggered differently and they move differently down the slope. Really, there is a continuum between wet and dry avalanches and professional workers use the words: dry, damp, moist, wet and saturated to describe the continuum. Wet avalanches cause relatively few avalanche fatalities, consequently, they are studied less and are not as well understood.1: Caused by decreasing the strength of the snowpack. 2: Difficult for people to trigger. Most accidents are from natural avalanches. 3: Usually by rain, prolonged melting by sun or very warm temperatures. 4: Slower (10-40 mph) like concrete and usually without a dust cloud.
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|
67 |
Avalanches : Dry Snow |
3/31/2007 |
1: Caused by putting too much additional stress on the snowpack. 2:Triggered by the victims or someone in the victim’s party in 90 percent of cases. 3:Usually loading of wind drifted snow or loading of new snow. 4:Fast (80 mph or so) usually with a dust cloud. |
|
527 |
Bandana |
4/29/2008 |
"A large cotton bandana is your wardrobe's maid-of-all-work. It performs as a potholder, napkin, dish cloth, washcloth, towel, emergency headgear, Lawrence-of-Arabia neck protector, snooze mask, and even fig leaf."
source–The Complete Walker, Colin Fletcher and Chip Rawlins
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|
5 |
Being Found |
12/16/2006 |
Tell someone where you are going and when you will be back. If you do not return at that time, have them call a search and rescue group. Time is critical in your location. |
|
540 |
best survival tool |
6/26/2008 |
The brain is by far the best survival tool we have. Survival is much more a mental than physical exercise, and keeping control of the brain is necessary. The large size of the human brain requires a high metabolic sacrifice in water and temperature control. Keeping the brain hydrated and in the shade will be more beneficial than all the gee-whiz survival gizmos in the sporting goods store.
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|
97 |
Bleach and water purification |
11/6/2007 |
Common household bleach can be used to purify water. Use about two drops per quart or liter of water - that's about 1/2 tablespoon for 5 gallons. Stir or shake and let it sit for thirty minutes or longer. Double the dosage for murky or questionable water.
|
|
535 |
building a water filter |
5/4/2008 |
Pour-though filtering systems can be made in an emergency. Here's one example that will remove many contaminants:
Take a five or seven gallon pail (a 55-gallon drum can also be used for a larger scale system) and drill or punch a series of small holes on the bottom.
Place several layers of cloth on the bottom of the bucket, this can be anything from denim to an old table cloth.
Add a thick layer of sand (preferred) or loose dirt. This will be the main filtering element, so you should add at least half of the pail's depth.
Add another few layers of cloth, weighted down with a few larger rocks.
Your home-made filter should be several inches below the top of the bucket.
Place another bucket or other collection device under the holes you punched on the bottom.
Pour collected or gathered water into the top of your new filter system. As gravity works its magic, the water will filter through the media and drip out the bottom, into your collection device. If the water is cloudy or full of sediment, simply let it drop to the bottom and draw the cleaner water off the top of your collection device with a straw or tube.
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|
15 |
Car stranded |
12/18/2006 |
If stranded in a car tie a brightly colored piece of cloth (such as a length of surveyor's tape) to the antenna. Use dome light at night since headlights take too much energy. Carry an emergency jump pack if your car battery dies(very inexpensive). |
|
17 |
Car stranded |
12/18/2006 |
Carry blankets, water and road flares. Road flares can help in signaling and starting a fire (outside the car)to provide heat, thermal signature and light. |
|
16 |
Car stranded |
12/18/2006 |
Keep snow away from your exhust pipe. If it becomes covered, you may die or suffer from carbon monoxide poisoning. |
|
19 |
Car survival tools |
12/18/2006 |
1. Sleeping bag or two blankets for each occupant
2. Extra winter clothing, including gloves, boots and snow goggles, for each occupant
3. Emergency food
4. Metal cup
5. Waterproof matches
6. Long-burning candles, at least two
7. First-aid kit
8. Spare doses of personal medications
9. Swiss army knife or Leatherman-type multi-tool
10. Three 3-lb empty coffee cans with lids, for melting snow or sanitary purposes
11. Toilet paper
12. Cell phone and/or citizen's band radio, with chargers
13. Portable radio receiver, with spare batteries
14. Flashlight with extra batteries and bulb
15. Battery booster cables and/or car battery recharging unit (plugs into cigarette lighter)
16. Extra quart of automobile oil (place some in hubcap and burn for emergency smoke signal)
17. Tire chains
18. Jack and spare tire
19. Road flares
20. Snow shovel
21. Windshield scraper and brush
22. Tow strap or chain
23. Small sack of sand or cat litter
24. Two plastic gallon drinking water jugs, full
25. Tool kit
26. Gas line deicer
27. Flagging, such as surveyor's tape (tie to top of radio antenna for signal)
28. Duct tape
29. Notebook and pencil/marker
30. Long rope (e.g. clothesline) to act as safety rope if you leave car in blizzard
31. Carbon monoxide detector
32. Ax
33. Saw
34. Full tank of gas
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|
530 |
care of feet |
4/29/2008 |
Wear polyester or wool socks that wick away moisture. Exchange wet socks for a dry pair as often as possible. Tie the soaked socks to the outside of your pack, where they'll dry out as you hike–even in cold weather. Dry boots overnight by propping the tongues open with twigs.
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|
547 |
children survival tips |
8/28/2008 |
There is a good book providing survival tips for children. Name: "Outdoor Survival Handbook for Kids" by Willy Whitefeather. It is more desert oriented but has some great value in it. |
|
30 |
Clothing; Socks |
12/27/2006 |
Many hikers wear two pair of socks. Combining an outer wool sock with an inner polypropylene sock will drain moisture you’re your feet. This is a valuable practice that all hikers should get in the habit of doing. Making your feet more comfortable will make your hike infinitely more enjoyable. In addition, carry an extra set in your back pack. You will sleep better with a dry pair at night and allow your wet pair to dry out. Socks can also be used to keep your water bottle from freezing and used as an extra set of gloves. Make sure they are not cotton. Cotton Kills. |
|
100 |
Cold Feet |
11/11/2007 |
Before you go to bed make sure you're wearing dry socks. Even if your socks are a little damp, don't just add another layer over them. Change them! Remove your sweaty liners too. |
|
101 |
Cold Feet |
11/11/2007 |
If your feet are cold, put on a hat. In fact, while sleeping, a great way to keep your feet warm is to sleep with a sherpa had or similar type of head covering. You lose a lot of your body heat through your head. |
|
57 |
compass sitck |
3/2/2007 |
Place a stick in the ground perpendicular to the surface. Mark the end point of the shadow. Wait 15 minutes and mark the next end point of the shadow. Connect the two points. This will be our east and west line. Bisect the line and this will be your north and south line. Remember the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The first point you mark will be west and the second point will be east.Remeber as the sun moves to the west the shadow moves to the east. Practice this. |
|
55 |
compass: using a watch or a stick to tell north |
3/2/2007 |
Learn how to use a watch and the sun to determine direction, or how to use a stick and shadow. Compasses break, and maps get lost. You should know at least one or two ways to determine direction. You should also note the direction most likely to take you out of the wilderness before you start. If you remember that a highway runs along the entire south side of the area you are in, you know which way to go in an emergency.
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|
22 |
Cooking |
12/24/2006 |
Alcohol stoves are great to carry. 1. no working parts to break. 2: if they leak, it will not ruin your clothes or equipment. 3. Fuel can be used to start larger fires. 4. Fuel can be used to sterilize wounds. 5. Fuel does not freeze. |
|
26 |
Cooking |
12/27/2006 |
Making soup over a small fire is not as easy as it seems. Cover the pan, block the wind, and keep the fire small and concentrated. Time yourself when you practice. You don’t have to rush normally, but speed can be important in some situations, and it’s always possible your stove will break.
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|
13 |
Cordage/ Dental Floss |
12/18/2006 |
Dental floss has superb tensile strength. Use it to sew a blown shoulder strap on a backpack or lash a garbage sack to the skeleton of an improvised shelter to form the roof.It can be used to build snares, fire starting and is very lite and small to carry.
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|
524 |
Dealing with Black Bears in the Sierras |
4/22/2008 |
In your yard: Do not run. Be aggressive and assert your dominance by standing tall and making noise that will scare the bear away. Banging pots and pans together and shouting loudly works well. See Bear-proof Your Property for tips on how to avoid future encounters around your home.
In the woods: This is the bear’s territory, respect that and do not run. Make eye contact but don’t stare, pick up small children make yourself appear as large as possible, stay calm and quiet, back away and enjoy the experience from a safe distance.
Anywhere: If the bear attempts to get away, DO NOT block the bear’s escape route. Bears will often climb a tree if frightened and usually won't come down if humans or dogs are present.
Never get between a mom and her cubs.
Slowly walk away and make a loud noise.
Though attacks are very rare, if you are attacked, FIGHT BACK AGGRESSIVELY!
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|
537 |
Desert survival clothing |
6/26/2008 |
Preparation starts with how you dress. People stand upright and receive only 60% of the solar radiation that animals on all fours do. By adding a proper hat, with a wide brim and closed crown, the head and body are further protected. A common mistake made by new desert visitors is wearing shorts and sleeveless shirts. Loose fitting long sleeves and pants provide good air circulation and much better protection than sunblock. Sunglasses that exclude ultra-violet light are a good idea, and some studies claim they can help prevent cataracts later. Other areas of preparation include proper vehicle maintenance, carrying sufficient water, first aid and survival kits for desert environments, a sturdy, sharp knife and some useful knowledge.
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|
12 |
Duct Tape |
12/18/2006 |
Duct tape is great. It can be used to prevent blisters, used as a splint. folds into emergency snow glasses. burns as fire starter, repair broken gear and more. |
|
28 |
Eating: Plants |
12/27/2006 |
Learning to identify three or four wild edible berries can make a trip more enjoyable. Learning to identify cattails and one or two other good survival food plants can be very helpful, especially if you ever lose your food to a bear.
|
|
2 |
Exposure |
12/16/2006 |
a couple of garbage bags can be used as a rainsuit, tube tent, Solar Still, Melting snow on a sunny day, just to name a few. Carry it is very lite. |
|
531 |
feet socks |
4/29/2008 |
Socks can also be used as mittens as well as pot holders. |
|
1 |
Fire |
12/16/2006 |
Dryer lint ignites easily with a flint and knife. It is very lite to carry. |
|
526 |
fire |
4/29/2008 |
An inflatable kayak pump can be for fanning stove or campfire flames. It saves your breath and energy. |
|
515 |
fire |
3/22/2008 |
Cotton balls covered with vasoline will ignite with a spark from a knife and a flint. Firew making should be practiced often and on a regular basis.Practice it in the rain and other poor weather conditions. It may save your life. |
|
29 |
Fire |
12/27/2006 |
Start practicing in your yard. Try to start that fire with one match. Also try it the next time it’s raining. Get in the habit of collecting dry tinder before the rain comes. Learn what things burn even when wet, like birch bark and pine sap.
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|
541 |
fire |
6/26/2008 |
Fire may seem odd to have so high on the list of desert survival priorities, but there are considerations other than warmth, though a fire may also be needed for that reason. Fire can be used to signal, cook food and purify water. Fire also provides psychological comfort. People do not feel so lonely with a fire. It makes the night less frightening, and while there are few large animals dangerous to people in North American deserts, fire will keep them at bay. It is important to know how to start a fire under severe conditions with means other than matches. |
|
374 |
fire |
3/12/2008 |
Using hand sanitizer (purell etc) and cottonballs works as a good fire starter. It will start with a spark from flint and steel. |
|
9 |
Fire |
12/18/2006 |
Connect fine-grade steel wool to the positive and negative terminals of a 9-volt battery to create a glowing fire starter. (A pair of 6-volt, AA batteries held in a series will do.) |
|
49 |
Fire building |
2/11/2007 |
* Build campfires away from overhanging branches, steep slopes, rotten stumps, logs, dry grass, and leaves. Pile any extra wood away from the fire.
* Keep plenty of water handy and have a shovel for throwing dirt on the fire if it gets out of control.
* Start with dry twigs and small sticks.
* Add larger sticks as the fire builds up.
* Put the largest pieces of wood on last, pointing them toward the center of the fire, and gradually push them into the flames.
* Keep the campfire small. A good bed of coals or a small fire surrounded by rocks gives plenty of heat. Scrape away litter, duff, and any burnable material within a 10-foot-diameter circle. This will keep a small fire from spreading.
* Be sure your match is out! Hold it until it is cold. Break it so that you can feel the charred portion before discarding it. Make sure it is cold out. Conserve matches -- carry a candle as a fire starter.
* Never leave a campfire unattended! Even a small breeze can cause a fire to spread.
* Drown the fire in water. Make sure all embers, coals, and sticks are wet. Move rocks -- there may be burning embers underneath.
* Sir the remains, add more water, and stir again. Be sure all burned material has been extinguished and cooled. If you do not have water, use dirt. Mix enough soil and sand with the embers. Continue adding and stirring until all material is cooled.
* Feel all materials with your bare hand. Make sure that no roots are burning. Do not bury your coals -- they can smolder and break out.
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|
198 |
fire starter |
3/8/2008 |
PITCH: Use a small piece of wood to scrape pitch from a conifer tree. Place under tinder.
|
|
197 |
fire starter |
3/8/2008 |
TAMPON: Do I need to say more? Highly flammable and should be in all first aid kits anyway!
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|
196 |
fire starter |
3/8/2008 |
PURELL HAND CLEANER: Purell (hand cleaner) is alcohol in a gel and starts like a charm in the rain.
|
|
59 |
Fire starting |
3/9/2007 |
Using a wood peeler on branches will give you fine wood shavings that will enable you to build larger fires. |
|
61 |
Fire starting |
3/9/2007 |
lint from your socks maybe enough to help start a flame. |
|
80 |
Fire starting |
8/31/2007 |
Glycerine (Glycerol, 1,2,3-propantriol) is mixed with potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and within about 30 seconds, the pile starts to smoke, then burns with a very hot lavender colored flame.
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|
78 |
food mushrooms |
8/26/2007 |
Do not eat mushroom in a survival situatin unless you are positive of the identifications. Symptoms of hte most dangerous mushroom affecting the central nervous system may sho up after several day have passed and it is to late ot reverse the effects. |
|
516 |
Garbage bag tips |
3/22/2008 |
Uses for a garbage bag are as follows: Rain Collector, Sunshade, fishing net, rain tarp or poncho, water still, Solar still, solar snow melter, ice packs for injury , flotation device, sleeping bag, apron, roofing for a hasty shelter, holding insulation for keeping you off the ground. |
|
18 |
getting found |
12/18/2006 |
Use of a whistle is better than shouting. It can be heard at longer distances than voices, takes less energy than yelling and screaming. |
|
72 |
Hiking |
6/16/2007 |
If you take along a hiking pole, this will aid you greatly in assending and decending a hill. A hiking pole also aids in assiting you with keeping your balance on uneven terrain. I use one or two in search and rescue missions. They work. |
|
533 |
hiking endurance |
4/29/2008 |
Step down: Find a 6- to 8-inch step, box, or stair. (You can work up to 10 inches, but start smaller. Wear a pack for a bonus workout.) Stand with both feet on the step, facing "downhill." Keep your arms at your sides. Balancing on your left foot, bend your left knee and lower yourself until your right heel touches the floor, then push back up. Alternate sides, doing 3 sets of 15 reps per side.
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|
534 |
hiking endurance |
4/29/2008 |
Not enough pretrip training "I'll let you in on a guide's secret," says Tim O'Brian, who's been leading trips with Rainier Mountaineering, Inc. for 7 years and has climbed in Mexico, Russia, Africa, and South America. "It's bull when people say mountaineers and backpackers don't need to train." O'Brian has a tried-and-true recipe to get fit–even if he's pressed for time: The dumbbell step-up and step-down combination, followed by an hour on a stairclimber. Holding 20 pounds in each hand, step onto a 12- to 18-inch-high box with your right foot. Raise your left leg above the box and step down on the other side without pausing at the top, keeping your weight on your right leg until you land. Then turn around and repeat with the opposite leg. Do three sets of 20.
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|
71 |
How to properly fit hiking boots |
6/16/2007 |
Finding a proper fitting pair of boots is well worth the time, effort and money. To help you find the right boot, here are some fitting suggestions:
Try on footwear later in the day. Your feet expand slightly from walking or standing, and you will have a better sense of the boot's fit in the afternoon or evening. If you wear orthopedic devices replace these with the insole when testing boots.
Try on boots with the socks you will wear when hiking. Sock weight often corresponds to boot weight, lightweight socks for light hikers for example. Proper hiking socks are crucial to comfortable hiking and preventing blisters, so invest in socks to match your activities and intensity.
When boot shopping, ensure you test various brands. Each company builds boots on a different last and they all have varying values on boot: flexibility, width, arch support, padding, and so on. Trying on various brands is crucial to finding boots to match your feet.
To determine proper fit, begin by inserting your foot into an unlaced boot. Stand and push your toes to the front of the toe box. Next, try to slide your finger behind your ankle while keeping your toes as forward as possible. You should be able to fit one finger comfortably between your heel and the heel cup. If you plan on carrying heavy packs, two snug fingers would be a minimum. Do this test for both feet as they can vary in size, until you find an appropriate length.
To check the width, bang your heel into the back of the boot and lace it up. The edge of the tongue and eyelets should run parallel, or move slightly outward, from toe to the boot top. If the edges get closer, the boot is likely too wide for your foot. Excess material hanging over the sides of the sole is another sign that a boot is too wide.
Another method for determining fit of length and width is to remove and stand on the insole. Observe how much room is between the sock and the edge of the insole. Too much or too little is a sign of a bad fit.
Properly breaking in boots is an important step before attempting long or difficult hikes.
Once you have a few pairs of boots selected, it's time to start walking. Walk with full strides and feel how the boot moves. "Is your arch supported?" "How does the leather bend above the toe box?" "Are any areas constrictive or too loose?" If you notice discomfort, move to another pair. Minor annoyances will lead to major discomfort after miles of hiking.
When walking pay attention to your heel. There should be minimal lift in your heel and if it is moving a lot you need a smaller size or a different style. Adjusting the lacing tension when walking can sometimes make a difference but major tension alterations indicates the boots do not properly fit.
Next, walk up and down an incline, or slant board (if available at the store). If your toes strike the front of the boot, you need a larger size; the hitting will be compounded if carrying a pack. Try stairs and any other surface that may mimic the trails you intend to hike. If possible, walk for a half hour with the boots on, paying close attention to how they feel.
Once you've found a pair that your comfortable with, take them home and wear them around the house several times to verify the fit before breaking them in on the trails.
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|
20 |
Hunger: Rabbit Starvation |
12/20/2006 |
Rabbit starvation is particularly well known in the Far North according to Bradford Angier. In his book, How To Stay Alive In The Woods, Bradford states, "An exclusive diet of any lean meat, of which rabbit is a practical example, will cause digestive upset and diarrhea. Eating more and more rabbit, as one is impelled to do because of the increasing uneasiness of hunger, will only worsen the condition. The diarrhea and the general discomfort will not be relieved unless fat is added to the diet. Death will follow, otherwise, within a few days. One would probably be better off on just water than on rabbit and water."
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|
519 |
Ice Axe |
3/30/2008 |
Attach it to your pack: First, slide the shaft down through the axe loops (with the pick pointed inward toward the pack's center). Then flip and twist it 180 degrees so the pick is facing the opposite direction. Secure the shaft with straps.
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|
520 |
Ice Axe |
3/30/2008 |
Self arrest grip: Hold the axe head with your uphill hand, adze forward. Place your thumb under the adze, and your palm and fingers around the pick. If you start slipping, grab the lower shaft with your free hand, raise the axe with the adze just above your shoulder, then plunge the pick into the snow by throwing your weight over it.
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|
518 |
Ice Axe |
3/30/2008 |
Maintain an Ice Axe: Keep it clean and its points concealed.
Maintain it Ward off rust by wiping off the head after use and applying a thin film of WD40.
Protect the point Cover the spike to prevent punctures; use the axe guard, or an old sock and rubber band.
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|
517 |
Ice Axe |
3/30/2008 |
Selecting an Ice Axe: Focus on the fit and feel of the tool in your hand.
Check length While wearing mountain boots, rest your arm against your side and measure from the tips of your fingers to the floor. The ice axe should fill that gap.
Grip the head This bridge connects the pick and the adze (the hoelike chisel). You'll hold it more often than you hold the shaft, so make sure it fits securely in your hand.
Tweak the leash Wear winter gloves when trying out axes so you can size the wrist loops.
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|
521 |
Ice Axe and it uses |
3/30/2008 |
Step-cutting With your side to the slope, and grasp the axe with your uphill hand. Use the adze to skim away the snow to make a level platform large enough for a boot or a weary backside. With practice, you'll be able to work the swings into your natural gait: swing, step up; swing, step up.
Crevasse sweep To check for chasms, poke the snow in a 180-degree arc in front of you. Sagging snow is a clear indication of danger, as are differently shaded pockets and seams. Scan with your eyes before you check with your axe.
Snow anchor Sink the axe into the snow up to its head, and tailor the shaft's angle to the steepness of the slope. On a shallow incline, angle the axe a few degrees away from the direction of the pull. On a steep slope, the shaft should lean back to within 45 degrees of the snow.
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|
532 |
itching medical |
4/29/2008 |
Calm the itch if the biting buggers still manage to get to you. We've heard of two multipurpose remedies for use in the field: Make a paste of baking soda and water, then dab it on the bite; or, rub on a bit of Preparation H ointment. |
|
548 |
KISSWEP: |
8/28/2008 |
K.I.S.S.W.E.P.
(Alaska Marine Safety Education Association.)
Know and recognize......
Inventory.....
Shelter.....
Signal .....
Water .....
Eat.....
Play
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|
528 |
Knife |
4/29/2008 |
Find a knife that is strong and can be used for several tasks. You should beable to pound it on the spine with wood to split other pieces into kindling with out damage. |
|
529 |
knife |
4/29/2008 |
When spliting wook for kindling with a knife, I use a leatherman crunch to hold the target wood. If I miss, I do not cut off my fingers. |
|
7 |
Location |
12/16/2006 |
Always make sure that someone knows where you are going and when you're planning to come back. If something goes wrong, they will know to alert the appropriate authorities.
|
|
75 |
Making water in winter. |
7/31/2007 |
Roll up a 48oz NALGENE Cantene and stuff it in a survival kit. When out in snow country, fix a neck strap to the Cantene, wear it under your parka and refill it with a little bit of snow each time you drink. The small amount of snow will melt while not making the rest of the water too cold, and you'll always have fresh water. Drink water often: if your tongue hits your knees when you walk, you haven't been drinking enough. |
|
42 |
Medical: Tooth Ache |
1/7/2007 |
don't ever go on a long backpacking trip if you have an unresolved tooth problem, or even the hint of a toothache starting. Go to your dentist and get it taken care of. If there is lingering pain, be sure to also get a prescription pain reliever to take with you.
|
|
43 |
Medical: Tooth Ache |
1/7/2007 |
Avoid doing anything that can cause toothaches or other dental problems while backpacking. Ie. corn chips instead of corn nuts etc. |
|
45 |
Medical: Tooth Ache |
1/7/2007 |
Asprin and Tylenol#3 is better for tooth ache. Oil of cloves. |
|
44 |
Medical: Tooth Ache |
1/7/2007 |
A toothbrush and floss are a good idea on any backpacking trip (floss can also be used as fish line and to tie things together if need be). If you forget a toothbrush, you can chew the end of a dogwood twig until it is brush-like, and use that. This is about long-term care, of course. What if you have a toothache that starts when you are days away from your car?
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|
79 |
Military field manuals |
8/26/2007 |
http://www.equipped.org/fm21-76.htm |
|
523 |
Never surrender your weapon ( Gun ) |
4/16/2008 |
Think you have a better chance at surviving by listening to an assailant's orders? Think again. You have an 85% chance of surviving a handgun shooting if you are on the move. Gain some distance from the suspect - most hand gun shootings occur at less than 7 yards. Of those shootings, only 11% of an assailant's bullets actually hit the intended target. What if he appears to be a professional marksman? Surprisingly, only 25% of police bullets hit the intended target. And unlike the movies, most of these winners have little to no firearms training AT ALL. You want to give your gun up? What kind of chance do you stand when he turns your gun back around and manages to shoot you in the head? How do you react then? What form of protection will you be left with?
One of the hottest issues in law enforcement today is whether or not you should give your gun up to a suspect who has the drop on you, or is holding a hostage. You could be in the camp that considers the views of Officer Survival expert Ron McCarthy unjustified. You would argue that his views are biased, and outdated. You could even believe it is impossible to predict what you'd do unless you are faced with this situation. Well, do yourself a favor - don't wait until that time to decide whether or not you will surrender your gun. You wouldn't want to enter into a deadly situation unarmed, would you? So, why would you give that option up? If you ever plan on living through that deadly encounter - you'd better heed this warning and HOLD ONTO YOUR GUN.
Give up your gun?! You didn't earn a badge by being last in your class, so don't start acting that way now. If the suspect has you at gunpoint, or has taken a hostage, there are several other things you can do rather than give up your firearm.
BUT what if there are innocent hostages? If you give up your gun, you might as well add one more unarmed, underpowered, vulnerable individual to the group. This suspect is clearly intent on causing serious harm or death. What convictions are you acting upon if you believe by giving up your gun you are saving another's life? Are this thug's words something you would trust your LIFE with? Surrender your gun and you stand just as defenseless as those you are attempting to protect.
BUT what if you're not in a position to run? React decisively and forcefully. Force him to react to you. Get him to start talking and when he blinks, begins to reply to you, or is distracted in any way, use that as your opportunity. In the three-quarters of a second that it takes him to react to you, you could disarm him and shoot him. On the other hand, you hand over your weapon, and you stand in a position of attempting to protect yourself against an armed fugitive with what? A quick right and a left jab?? That's less than "tying with a suspect." The only thing more foolish would be if you took a time out to give him some shooting lessons, and THEN handed him your gun to use - on you.
BUT what about the cops who handed over their gun and made it? For all of those who have lived to tell their war stories when they surrendered their guns and lived - they're lucky. But what about those who didn't? If someone orders you to give up your gun or they will shoot - don't fall victim to this threat. If he's crazy enough to threaten an armed, trained, LE officer, he's probably stupid enough to try and shoot you either way. You only have 2 options in this situation: You must disarm him or shoot him. How can you expect to accomplish this without your gun?
Let's hope you never find yourself in this type of situation. If you do - we want you to do whatever you can to survive. Experts like Ron McCartney stress to NEVER give up your gun, and for good reason. There are too many better alternatives that have proven effective, time and again. And if you follow the fallow myths swirling around out there, you might end up as one - and that's probably not the legend you had in mind, is it?
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|
104 |
Positive mental attitude |
2/13/2008 |
God: Guides, guards, governs, protects and provides. |
|
105 |
Positive mental attitude |
2/13/2008 |
All the good that God supplies is continual, present and evident. Ask Him, He’ll show you!
|
|
107 |
positive mental attitude |
2/13/2008 |
Vanquish fear. Do not be afraid of spiritual faith. Try hard and pray harder. |
|
108 |
positive mental attitude |
2/13/2008 |
Consider this enduring promise from God in the Bible: “I will be with thee: I will not fail thee, nor forsake thee.” |
|
103 |
positive mental attitude |
2/13/2008 |
none of God’s children is ever stranded or separated from His goodness. |
|
106 |
positive mental attitude : fear |
2/13/2008 |
fear never is a help to us; that fear becomes a big distraction actually, where it keeps us from focusing on what the answer to the problem really is.
|
|
58 |
Practice |
3/2/2007 |
Do not just read these tips, practice them. Do it in the rain, snow and wind. Remember practice makes perfect. |
|
41 |
Preparing for Back Country |
1/1/2007 |
learn techniques for preserving body heat, even in extreme cold, and ways to detect hypothermia. People often underestimate the power of the mountain. |
|
40 |
Preparing for bad weather camping or outting |
1/1/2007 |
Practice fire-making in the rain before going up to the mountains. |
|
3 |
Rules |
12/16/2006 |
Rules of 3. You can survive 3 minutes with out air, 3 hours exposed to the elements (Cold), 3 days without water, and 3 weeks with out food. Prepare accordingly. |
|
52 |
Shelter |
3/1/2007 |
When you're choosing a spot where you'd like your campsite to be, try to take into consideration how the elements are going to come into play with your relative comfort. Exposed areas are definitely to be avoided, as winds can sweep your warmth away and pile up snow against your tent. Likewise, stay away from valleys where the cold air will sink down and prevent you from staying warm. A flat location is always ideal, but do make sure that your tent isn't in an avalanche zone or underneath a tree. Heavy snow can bring branches crashing down on top of your shelter.
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|
25 |
Shelter: Pitching a tent |
12/27/2006 |
Pitch your tent or tarp wrong and the rain will come in, or the wind will tear the seams. They need to be pitched tight, and you should be able to do it in a few minutes. Practice in the yard.
|
|
70 |
shelter: snow cave |
5/31/2007 |
If you find your self in a situation where staying put for the night is the best way to ensure your safety, and you do not have a tent or overnight gear, a snow cave heated with a candle from your repair kit, will help you survive the night in relative comfort.
Find a safe spot-You want to avoid any potential avalanche slopes and any windward slopes where blowing snow could seal you in the cave. Try to find some type of small slope or bank with snow at least six feet deep. A slope is much easier to dig a cave on than the flats.
Try to stay dry-take turns and work slowly but efficiently to avoid excess sweating.
Dig the entryway-tunnel into the slope about three feet and then begin angling and excavating upward to clear a living space. You need to leave the cave ceiling at least one foot deep to keep it from collapsing.
Put the cave floor above the top of the entry tunnel to trap warm air inside.
Make the ceiling and walls smooth so melting snow will run down the walls and not drip on occupants.
Punch a ventilation hole in ceiling, and cover the entrance if possible with a tarp or extra gear.
Get inside your emergency blanket or bivy and sit on your pack to stay warm. Light the candle from your repair kit and try to remember your best jokes.
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|
14 |
Signal Smoke |
12/18/2006 |
Smoke is easily seen by day and a fire or flashlight by night. On a cloudy day, black smoke is more visible than white; the reverse is true on a sunny day. White smoke stands out well against a green forest background but not against snow. Black smoke can be produced by burning parts of a vehicle, such as rubber or oil, and white smoke by adding green vegetation to a fire. The lost person who anticipates an air search should keep a fire going with large supplies of dry, burnable material (wood and brush) and have a large pile of cut green vegetation close-by. When an aircraft is heard, the dry materials are placed on the fire, allowed to flare, and then armloads of the green vegetation are piled on top. This produces lots of smoke and a hot thermal updraft to carry it aloft.
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10 |
Signaling |
12/18/2006 |
Quiet Riot to the rescue. You can signal an aircraft flying between you and the sun using a CD. Line up the aircraft in the hole and flash, ideally in a series of three.More detailed information on MountainSurvival.com
|
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542 |
signaling from your vehicle |
6/26/2008 |
Put the hood up on your car and tie a rag to the antennae. Wearing bright colored clothing will help aircraft see you better.
|
|
81 |
sleeping warm |
9/8/2007 |
Heat water and put the heated water bottles into you bag. Smaller nalgene bottles work well. Make sure they do not leak. |
|
102 |
snake bite |
11/11/2007 |
If you or someone in your party is struck by a poisonous snake, better safe than sorry: Get to a medical facility. Administering antivenin is the only successful treatment. Longtime folk remedies like giving the person whiskey or the old "cut-and-suck" method (slicing the bite with a knife and sucking out the poison with your mouth) only make the victim's condition worse.
For the hike out to the car, immobilize the bitten extremity with a splint, and if possible, carry the victim to the trailhead. If you can't carry the person, he'll have to hike out on his own. It takes at least 2 hours for the symptoms of envenomization to take effect. Watch for signs of shock (heavy sweating, clammy skin, shallow breathing), since the fear of having been bitten is often more dangerous than the bite.
When the victim is more than a day's hike from the trailhead, the only field treatment recommended by wilderness medicine experts is the Sawyer Extractor. Dave Hardy advises using two of the suction cup extractors simultaneously to remove venom from both fang punctures. If applied within 5 minutes of the incident, the extractor may help reduce envenomization, but it is no substitute for professional medical care.
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|
76 |
Some rules for exploring the Back Country |
7/31/2007 |
1. Carry proper gear. 2. Know how to use your gear. 3. Know your limits. 4. Have the right attitude in tough situations. |
|
99 |
Sponge |
11/11/2007 |
sponges are versatile, compact, ultralight, and dry (almost) with a squeeze. Among their many uses: to wipe up spills or leaks in a tent, clean gear, dry off a ground cloth, and bathe far from a stream (Leave No Trace style!) |
|
525 |
sprained ankle medical |
4/29/2008 |
Sprained Ankle Relations
How to keep hiking when your ankle takes a turn for the worse. Plus, keeping them strong and trail-ready.
by: Buck Tilton
Here's one you can probably relate to: The sun's about to set and you're scrambling for the best seat to catch the show. Exhilarated by the impending beauty, you run, you leap, you crash. Tweak goes the ankle. As the sky fills with hues of pink and orange, your ankle turns shades of blue and purple. The pain is so bad you can barely limp back to camp.
Or maybe you're crossing a stream and slip on a rock or encounter a big root across the trail or aren't paying attention on a downhill switchback-there are so many ways to harm the joint that connects foot to leg that ankle sprains account for almost 53 percent of injury-related evacuations from National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) courses.
The good news is that most sprains can be managed in the field. Even better is the fact that for the ankle-aware, such painful calamities are largely preventable.
ANATOMY OF A SPRAIN
The two big bones in your lower leg, the tibia and fibula, meet your ankle at the talus bone, which sits atop the calcaneus, or heel bone. A complex arrangement of ligaments holds it all together, and under normal conditions the ankle can withstand some eversion (turning outward) and inversion (turning inward). When an ankle goes too far one way or the other, a sprain results. In severe cases-during a leap, or when plunging downhill under a load, for instance-the tib and fib can be forced apart and ligaments are torn, which causes excruciating pain.
Whether you're the injured one or you're trying to help someone else with a bum ankle, assessing severity is relatively simple. Which way did the ankle twist? Was there force involved? Was there a "popping" or "snapping" sound? Has the ankle been injured before?
Now study the ankle. Is there swelling or discoloration? How much? Is there pain when you press on the ligaments, tendons, bones? Tenderness means injury. Carefully move the ankle through its range of motion. Again, is there pain?
As with most traumatic injuries, ankle sprains have three levels:
A first-degree injury, the most common type, occurs when ligaments stretch but don't actually tear. Moving your foot and the damaged ligaments causes pain, but there's little swelling, bruising, or instability. With proper care and taping you can keep hiking and will be back to normal in one to two weeks.
With a second-degree injury, partially torn ligaments quickly swell and cause bruising. The pain may discourage you from moving your foot, and complete healing can take as long as six weeks. A moderately injured ankle can also be taped, but only so the person can limp back to the trailhead, with most of the weight from his backpack distributed among other group members. Walking will be difficult but tolerable.
Third-degree injuries involve complete ligament tears. Bruising may be extreme and within 30 minutes of the injury you won't be able to move your foot because of the intense pain and swelling. An ankle that's injured this severely can be confused easily with one that's broken (symptoms can include a "pop" or "snap" when the injury occurred, persistent intense pain, tenderness when touched, and an obvious deformity). Whether it's a third-degree sprain or a break, the injury requires splinting and immediate medical attention. Third-degree sprains can take six months or longer to completely heal, and 10 to 15 percent of those afflicted may require rehabilitative surgery.
To reduce pain and swelling, all ankle injuries should initially be managed with RICE:
REST the injury; in other words, make the person get off his feet.
ICE the ankle; cool it with packed snow, soak it in a cold mountain stream, or wrap it in a wet T-shirt.
COMPRESS the injury with an elastic wrap (if available) to reduce swelling, working from the toes toward the heart. Never wrap so tightly that circulation is impaired and the injured person loses feeling in the toes.
ELEVATE; prop the leg up higher than the person's heart.
Maintain RICE for 20 to 30 minutes, then allow the injured ankle to rewarm for 12 to 15 minutes before letting the person try to use it. RICE may be repeated every 2 to 4 hours for the first 24 hours. Over the next 48 hours you'll want to maintain compression and apply ice three to four times a day. Doctors typically recommend an anti-inflammatory/pain-killing drug, such as ibuprofen, for sprains and tendonitis.
To help speed recovery most physicians now recommend that patients use a sprained ankle as soon as possible, depending on the severity of the injury. It may be a day or two, however, before the person is willing to walk very far, and of course, the injured person is the one who should ultimately determine if an ankle is usable.
If you prefer the preventative approach, there are several things you can do to forestall an ankle injury:
Strengthen muscles: The best way to prevent injury is to get in shape by running, cycling, and swimming-preferably with fins-to help strengthen ankles.
Lose weight: Excess pounds put stress on your ankles.
Wear good boots: Choose stiff footwear that provides adequate ankle support, and replace soft, worn-out boots.
Warm up muscles: Before shouldering a pack, put your hands on a tree and lean against it with one leg forward, one leg back. Lock the back knee, and flex the front knee. Press forward until you feel a stretch in the calf muscle (it attaches to the Achilles tendon) of your back leg. Now keep both heels on the ground and bend both knees until you feel more stretching in the lower leg muscles. Hold for 15 to 30 seconds. Repeat with your other leg back. Walk around packless to warm up all leg muscles.
Learn from the past: If you've suffered a prior ankle injury, follow the first four suggestions even more aggressively.
Don't be careless: Avoid becoming rushed, don't hike after dark, and always watch where you place your feet when hiking.
TENDON TROUBLE
When your feet and ankles move, so do the lower leg muscles and tendons, which are the fibrous tissues connecting muscle to bone. If you're not in the best shape and try to hike too far too soon, inflammation of tendons can result. Tendonitis can range from discomfort to debilitation, depending on the degree of inflammation.
Achilles tendonitis can occur after a long hike, especially when significant elevation gain is involved, because the lower the heel is in relation to the toes, the greater the stress on the Achilles. Your boots can also be the cause. An inward fold above the heel counter can irritate the Achilles enough to cause tendonitis after just one day of backpacking. Broken down or poor-quality boots that allow too much motion and not enough support may lead to pain and inflammation. Similarly, footwear that's too stiff or too tightly laced can result in tendonitis at the front of the ankle.
Treatment includes placing a quarter-inch-thick pad under your heel to relieve stress on the Achilles. A strip of padding-small pieces of a closed-cell foam sleeping pad or folded gauze will do-taped on each side of the Achilles will further reduce stress. As a general rule, placing padding on both sides of any injured tendon will reduce stress and discomfort.
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|
8 |
stay calm |
12/16/2006 |
Stop
Think
observe
Plan
Act |
|
24 |
Staying Warm |
12/27/2006 |
There are tricks to staying warm. Shed layers as you get warm, for example, so you don’t have sweat to chill you later. Use wind-blocking shell clothing, and wear a hat. Eating fatty foods before sleeping can keep you warmer. |
|
74 |
Stop Water Freezing in cold weather |
7/31/2007 |
When hiking in freezing weather with your NALGENE liter bottles, make sure to store bottles upside down in your pack to prevent ice from freezing your bottle shut. Ice will float to the bottom of the bottle rather than blocking the mouth. |
|
538 |
Survival kit |
6/26/2008 |
A survival kit must be small enough to carry at all times in the wilds. By cramming them full of unnecessary items they get too bulky and tend to get left in the car, backpack or elsewhere, which is the same as not having one at all. |
|
544 |
survival kit ideas |
6/26/2008 |
Soap dish container
1 Mark III knife
1 strip magnifier
1 signal mirror
1 flint striker
1 small lighter (childproof to prevent leaking)
Tweezers
Fishhooks & sinkers
Snare wire
Fishing line
1 large needle
Cord
1 pencil stub
2 bouillon cubes
1 condom*
Sterile scalpel blade
Sugar tablets
1 vial potassium permanganate**
1 signal whistle
Mini-Mag® flashlight and spare AAA battery
1 button compass
1 tea bag***
2 alcohol wipes****
3 Band-Aids
2 plastic bags
Instructions with blank side for notes
Picture of the kids
Card with a prayer of comfort by Saint Francis
ADD: Benadryl, Tylenol and any other personal medications needed
*Traditionally included as a water bladder, but better to store items that need to be
kept dry such as tinder.
** Used for water purification, anti-septic, anti-fungal. When mixed with crushed
sugar tablet, it can be friction ignited to start a fire.
*** Use black tea cooled down for sunburn relief.
**** Besides being antiseptic, they will ignite with sparks from flint striker.
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|
64 |
Survival kit: build your kit |
3/10/2007 |
Determine what size kit you want to carry, then decide on what you’ll pack everything into. This can be a tin, a waterproof container, or a soft case such as a belt pouch, waist pack, or backpack. For mini kits, I usually prefer a tin, like the kind that Altoids come in; since you don’t have room for a cup, you can use it to boil water. To make a mini kit, select the smallest components from each group. Be innovative when choosing items. Repackage them compactly if necessary, and whenever possible, select things that can perform more than one function.
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63 |
Survival kits: pick your tools |
3/10/2007 |
Choose at least one component from each of the groups below. Some items can meet the requirements of more than one. Fine-tune your selection to match your location or the season, and remember that you may want more than one item from certain categories. For example, I always bring at least three ways to start a fire.
Fire and Light: matches, disposable lighter, flint and striker, magnesium fire starter, tinder, candle, and a magnifying lens. For the latter: flashlight, headlamp, and chemical light sticks.
Shelter and Personal Protection: survival blanket, poncho and rain gear, tarp, tube tent, parachute cord, headnet, hat, extra clothes, sunglasses, sunscreen, lip balm, and bug repellent.
Water and Food: basic needs are water purification tablets or a filter, and a water container. Add snare wire and fishing kits for food collection, plus emergency rations, a small cup or pot, and a small stove.
Signaling: signal mirror, whistle, smoke signals, flares, dye markers, and emergency strobe.
Navigation: compass, maps, and GPS unit.
Knives and Tools: knives, saw, trowel, and shovel.
Medical: first-aid supplies for wound management, like bandages and first-aid ointment. Plus antibiotics, pain medicine, and personal medications.
Multipurpose: aluminum foil, wire, duct tape, large garbage bags, bandanna, surgical tubing, zip-seal bags, dental floss, sewing thread and needles, glue stick, and safety pins can all fill more than one function. Miscellaneous items include a survival manual, knife sharpener, thermometer, pencil and paper, toilet paper, and a cellphone.
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62 |
Survival kits: Think about skills |
3/9/2007 |
Focus not on the components but on the tasks you’ll want them to perform. In a survival situation, you’ll need to do most of the following: build a fire, construct a shelter, get and purify drinking water, gather food, signal for help, navigate back to civilization, and administer basic first aid. Once you know what types of functions you must be prepared to carry out, you can select the proper items.
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|
82 |
Survival Mind Set. Most important survival tool to have!! |
9/18/2007 |
Survival is all about common sense. You sit down and think. You don’t panic. Think about where you are, what you have and what you need to do to solve your problems |
|
86 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn to cook over a fire. It’s not as easy as it seems. Block the wind, cover the pan, keep the fire small and concentrated. Practice, and time yourself. Faster is better in a jam, and it’s always possible your stove will break.
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95 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn to pitch a tent. Do it wrong and the rain will come in, or the the wind will tear the seams. Tents should be pitched tight, and you should be able to set your tent up in a few minutes.
|
|
94 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn firemaking. Practice in your yard if you have to, but try to start that fire with one match. Try it the next time it’s raining too.
|
|
93 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn to watch the sky. Is that a lightning storm coming or not? It might be useful to know when you’re on that ridge. Learn the basics of predicting weather, and you’ll be a lot safer.
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|
92 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn navigation. Maps don’t help if you don’t know how to use them. The same is true for compasses. Lear how to tell north with a watch, stick, sun rise and setting. |
|
91 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn basic first aid. Can you recognize the symptoms of hypothermia? Do you know how to properly treat blisters? Good things to know. Clear the airway, stop the bleeding and prevent shock.
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89 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn about animals. Can you tell if a bear is “bluff charging” or stalking you? If it’s the latter, playing dead will make you a bear’s supper. Hint: lots of noise usually means he just wants to frighten you, but you need to read up on this one.
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88 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn how to walk. Learning how to pace yourself and how to move comfortably over rocky terrain means you’ll be less tired, and less likely to twist an ankle.
|
|
87 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn about edible plants. Knowing how to identify cattails and three or four wild edible berries can make a trip more enjoyable, especially if you ever lose your food to a bear.
|
|
85 |
Survival Skills |
9/18/2007 |
Learn how to stay warm. Practice camping in the yard, to see how blocking the wind, wearing a hat, and eating fatty foods before sleeping can keep you warmer.
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545 |
Survival Starts With A Kiss |
7/3/2008 |
Survival Starts With A Kiss
The latest survival smarts
By Tom Watson, August 2003
Pucker up and say KISSWEP. While other survival acronyms stall on the tip of your tongue, this tasty lifesaver jumps right out. Developed by the Alaska Marine Safety Education Association, it's easy-to-remember shorthand for a system of seven survival steps taught to U.S. military and marine professionals. Combined with common sense and basic outdoor skills, KISSWEP will save your butt every time. Here's the plan.
Know and recognize that you're in trouble. Look around and stay calm. STOP: Stop, Think Obsreve, Plan.
Inventory available resources. Scout out a safe camping site, water supply, food, fuel, clothing. Check yourself and others for injuries.
Shelter. Anything that protects you from the elements counts. Secure your tarp, tent, or snow cave first so you're prepared to take cover if conditions deteriorate. Small spaces are better if you need to share body warmth. In extreem conditoins you can only survive 3 hours with poor conditions.
Signal. Smoke by day, flame by night, bright colors in motion-your signal must contrast with the surroundings. If you build a sign in a clearing, the letters must be at least 15 feet long and 3 feet wide to be seen from the air.
Water. Trap it any way you can. If you have food but no water, eat lightly. If you can't treat or boil, drink up anyway; there's medicine for nausea, not for dying. You can go up to 3 days without water.
Eat. Don't save it for later-you need energy now. If your supply runs out, forage for bugs or animals; consume only plants you know are safe. Most people can go 3 weeks with out food. You will not be lost that long.
Play. Games will keep groups or solo hikers calm and focused. Go for useful contests, like a race to build the largest stack of firewood or the best shelter. Modify accordingly if you're alone.
In the end, STAY PUT. Search and Rescue teams will be out to find you. It is easier to find a stationary target than a moving one. For more information go to MountainSurvival.com.
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539 |
survival tip |
6/26/2008 |
Brew up a cup of tea. This is a typical Aussie approach to the solution of everything. What you are actually doing is starting a fire, which is needed, and completing a familiar, calming chore. You can brew coffee or just build a fire.
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54 |
Survival tool/ knife |
3/1/2007 |
One item that is indispensable on any outdoor excursion is a pocket knife. You can mark your trail by carving a notch ever few feet into a tree or a rock so that if you ever do get lost, you'll have a trail to follow back home. Marking your trail clearly is important, as sometimes it is all too easy to get turned around and end up walking in circles.
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|
546 |
Tent repair |
7/9/2008 |
Start by preparing both sides of the surface around the tear: Make sure it's very clean and dry (an alcohol wipe from your first aid kit works great).
Apply one of the peel and stick patch to the outside of the tear to create a backing for your repair job. Press it carefully and make sure there are no lurking air bubbles. Now, flip things over and work from the inside.
Trim a sil-nylon fabric swatch to cover damaged area and extend about 1⁄4 inch (5mm) beyond. (Shape your patch with rounded edges, rather than squared off ones–they'll be much less likely to peel away.)
Paint the SilFix over damaged area and 1⁄2 inch (10mm) beyond. For the best bond, the adhesive really needs to extend beyond the patch.
Center and apply sil-nylon fabric swatch. Smooth it out to eliminate air bubbles and press down edges.
Let it dry flat for 2 hours.
Now, you're good to go–Now, you're good to go–the repair is permanent!
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|
98 |
Testing you survival gear |
11/9/2007 |
1 ) Buy a roomy daypack for extra clothes, food, and basic survival gear, and always take it with you. ( 2 ) Practice a worst-case scenario: Make yourself spend a cold night without much gear. It won’t be comfortable, but as Tuttle points out, it’s a great confidence builder. Plus you’ll discover if your gear is adequate. ( 3 ) If you come to a rocky impasse in the mountains, it’s always safer to go back the way you came, no matter how daunting that may seem. ( 4 ) If you have done your part by leaving a note detailing where and when you will be hunting, most search-and-rescue teams will find you within 24 hours of the start of their search.
If you need more information, check out MountainSurvival.com
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|
21 |
Tracking |
12/22/2006 |
Track Trap: a tracking and search and rescue term for and area cleared of all footprints or tracks to allow for new foot prints to pass through and be recorded. |
|
27 |
Travel |
12/27/2006 |
If you pace yourself and learn how to move comfortably over rocky terrain, you’ll be less tired, and less likely to twist an ankle. Tighten those laces, too.
|
|
56 |
watch compass |
3/2/2007 |
Point the hour hand to the sun. Form an angle from the hour hand to the 1200 position and disect the angle. Thia will form your north and south line. Intersect this line with a perpendicular line and this will be your east and west line. Remember sun rises in the east and sets in the west. |
|
11 |
Water |
12/18/2006 |
An unlubricated condom can be used as a water container. A bandana or a sock can protect the water container from breaking. |
|
69 |
water filters |
5/29/2007 |
How to make a water
filter in the wilderness
You need to know how to make a water filter if you face the fact that the only water you can find is dirty muddy water. When you filter water you remove all "visual" particles from the water.
There are a number of different ways to filter dirty water. One simple way to make your own water filter is to use sand and gravel.
How to make a water filter - use what’s available:
1. To start with, you need a container.
If you can find a large, empty can, use it. Punch 5-10 holes around the bottom of the can.A large plastic bottle is also fine. Cut the end of the bottle off evenly.
If there is no container available you have to use what material the nature can provide. Can you find birch bark? If so make a cone of birch bark.
The cone will need to have a fairly small hole in the bottom. Tie the cone with cordage to keep it from opening up. Put a few stones in the very bottom, to help hold your filtering materials in place.
2. Then fill your container with layers of sand and gravel from the bottom to the top.
For sand and gravel use both fine and coarse layers. The bigger the filter, and the more layers you have in it, the better.
If you use a bottle or cone you need to stop the sand to get out of the container. Find some filter material you can place at the bottom. For instance:
- a couple of centimeter (inches) of pebbles,
- a grass mesh, make sure it’s nonpoisonous grass,
- or cotton material
3. Collect some water.
Pour your collected water through the filter. Catch it in another container at the bottom.Look at the water that comes out of the filter. It should be clear. If not you may have to pass the water through the filter more than once.
4. Now you know how to make a water filter but to get safe water to drink you also have to purify your water. The water may still contain harmful bacteria that your filter did not remove.
Charcoal water filter
If you are lucky and have activated charcoal, make a layer between the sand and the gravel layers, see step 2 above. Activated charcoal helps to remove bacteria and such.
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|
77 |
water from the sea |
8/26/2007 |
Boil sea water and catch the steam in a cloth or allow to condense on foil. The cloth can be squeezed and water extracted. The foil can act as a still and collect the salt free water. |
|
50 |
Water in winter |
2/11/2007 |
A camel back can freeze making it difficult to drink water. Either carry water in nalgene bottles (lids pointing down) or blow the water back into the camel back after drinking. However, the residue water dropletts can still freeze and stop the flow of water. |
|
73 |
water in winter |
7/31/2007 |
NALGENE Cantene
"Roll up a 48oz NALGENE Cantene and stuff it in a survival kit. When out in snow country, fix a neck strap to the Cantene, wear it under your parka and refill it with a little bit of snow each time you drink. The small amount of snow will melt while not making the rest of the water too cold, and you'll always have fresh water. Drink water often: if your tongue hits your knees when you walk, you haven't been drinking enough."
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522 |
water purification |
4/16/2008 |
Household chlorine bleach and medicine dropper – When diluted nine parts water to one part bleach, bleach can be used as a disinfectant. Or in an emergency, you can use it to treat water by using 16 drops of regular household liquid bleach per gallon of water. Do not use scented, color safe or bleaches with added cleaners. |
|
65 |
Water purification |
3/11/2007 |
Water purification can be done in many ways. One is boiling water for 5 minutes to all all contaminates in the solution. If the water is dirty, it is a good idea to strain out the large debris first using a bandana, cheese cloth, tee shirt or any other poreous material. |
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96 |
Water/Purification |
10/23/2007 |
OA Guide to Water Purification
part of
The Backpacker's Field Manual
by Rick Curtis
first edition published by Random House March, 1998
This material is taken from Chapter 4 - Hygiene & Water Purification from The Backpackers Field Manual by Rick Curtis. For more details on this exciting book check out The Backpacker's Field Manual Page.
This material is provided by the author for educational use only and is not a substitute for specific training or experience. Princeton University and the author assume no liability for any individual's use of or reliance upon any material contained or referenced herein. When going into outdoors it is your responsibility to have the proper knowledge, experience, and equipment to travel safely. This material may not be reproduced in any form for commercial or Internet publication without express written permission of the author. Copyright © 1999, all rights reserved, Random House Publishing & Rick Curtis, Outdoor Action Program, Princeton University.
Water Purification
Dipping your head into a cold mountain stream and taking a long refreshing drink is an experience that has basically vanished from the wilderness areas of America. With the increased use of the wilderness there has also been an increase in the amount of bacteriological contamination of backcountry water supplies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that 90 percent of the world’s water is contaminated in some way. There are a variety of microscopic organisms that can contaminate water supplies and cause potentially serious, even fatal, illnesses among wilderness travelers. The major danger in the backcountry from these infections is fluid loss due to diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to hypovolemic shock and possibly death (see Diarrhea or Vomiting, page 315; Fluid Electrolyte Replacement, page 286; Shock, page 238).
In order to drink the water, you should be prepared to treat it. There are numerous methods of water purification, described below in order of effectiveness. Remember, however, that infections can also be spread through poor personal hygiene, something that purifying your water won’t prevent.
Biologically Contaminated vs. Toxic Water
Biologically contaminated water is water that contains microorganisms such as Giardia (a common microorganism that, if not killed, leads to intestinal disorders), bacteria, or viruses that can lead to infections (see Gastrointestinal Infections, page 316). Toxic water sources contain chemical contamination from pesticide runoffs, mine tailings, and so on. Boiling, filtering, or chemically treating water can remove or kill microorganisms, but it will not remove chemical toxins. This is also the case when using a solar still (see page 223).
Boiling
Boiling is the most certain way of killing all microorganisms. According to the Wilderness Medical Society, water temperatures above 160° F (70° C) kill all pathogens within 30 minutes and above 185° F (85° C) within a few minutes. So in the time it takes for the water to reach the boiling point (212° F or 100° C) from 160° F (70° C), all pathogens will be killed, even at high altitude. To be extra safe, let the water boil rapidly for one minute, especially at higher altitudes since water boils at a lower temperature (see page 68.)
Chemical Purification
There are two types of chemical treatment: those using iodine and those using chlorine. There are a variety of products on the market, so follow the directions on the bottle. Be advised that many of the tablets have an expiration date and become ineffective after that point. Also, once the bottle has been opened, the tablets must be used within a certain period. When in doubt, buy a new bottle. Remember that chemical purification methods may only be partially effective, depending on the water temperature.
General Chemical Treatment Procedures
The effectiveness of all chemical treatment of water is related to the temperature, pH level, and clarity of the water. Cloudy water often requires higher concentrations of chemical to disinfect.
If the water is cloudy or filled with large particles, strain it, using a cloth, before treatment. Large particles, if swallowed, may be purified only "on the outside."
Add the chemical to the water and swish it around to aid in dissolving. Splash some of the water with the chemical onto the lid and the threads of the water bottle so that all water areas are treated.
The water should sit for at least 30 minutes after adding the chemical to allow purification to occur. If using tablets, let the water sit for 30 minutes after the tablet has dissolved.
The colder the water, the less effective the chemical is as a purifying agent. Research has shown that at 50° F (10° C), only 90 percent of Giardia cysts were inactivated after 30 minutes of exposure. If the water temperature is below 40° F (4° C), double the treatment time before drinking. It is best if water is at least 60° F (16° C) before treating. You can place the water in the sun to warm it before treating.
Chemically treated water can be made to taste better by pouring it back and forth between containers, after it has been adequately treated. Other methods include adding a pinch of salt per quart or adding flavorings (e.g., lemonade mix, etc.) after the chemical treatment period.
Iodine Treatment
Iodine is light sensitive and must always be stored in a dark bottle. It works best if the water is over 68° F (21° C). Iodine has been shown to be more effect than chlorine-based treatments in inactivating Giardia cysts. Be aware that some people are allergic to iodine and cannot use it as a form of water purification. Persons with thyroid problems or on lithum, women over fifty, and pregnant women should consult their physician prior to using iodine for purification. Also, some people who are allergic to shellfish are also allergic to iodine. If someone cannot use iodine, use either a chlorine-based product or a non-iodine-based filter, such as the PUR Hiker Microfilter, MSR WaterWorks, or the Katadyn Water Filter.
Generally, the procedure is as follows:
Liquid 2% Tincture of Iodine Add 5 drops per quart when the water is clear. Add 10 drops per quart when the water is cloudy.
Polar Pure Iodine Crystals Fill the Polar Pure bottle with water and shake. The solution will be ready for use in one hour. Add the number of capfuls (per quart of water treated) listed on the bottle, based on the temperature of the iodine solution. The particle trap prevents crystals from getting into the water being treated. It is important to note that you are using the iodine solution to treat the water, not the iodine crystals. The concentration of iodine in a crystal is poisonous and can burn tissue or eyes. Let the treated water stand for 30 minutes before drinking. In order to destroy Giardia cysts, the drinking water must be at least 68° F (20° C). The water can be warmed in the sun before treating or hot water can be added. Refill the treatment bottle after use so that the solution will be ready one hour later. Crystals in the bottle make enough solution to treat about 2,000 quarts. Discard the bottle when empty.
Potable Aqua This is an iodine tablet product. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use.
Chlorine Treatment
Chlorine can be used for persons with iodine allergies or restrictions. Remember that water temperature, sediment level, and contact time are all elements in killing microorganisms in the water. Halazone is an example of a chlorine tablet product. To use, follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Tricks of the Trail
Backups Always have at least one backup method for water purification in case one fails. This can be any combination of methods. I’m the cautious type, so I always have two backup methods: water filter and 2% tincture of iodine or Polar Pure iodine crystals. And I can always boil the water. If boiling is your backup method, make sure you have enough fuel.
Fix the Taste Adding vitamin C (about 50 milligrams) to iodized water completely eliminates any taste or color of iodine. You must wait until the iodine has purified the water before adding the vitamin C. The vitamin C in drink mixes like Tang™ has the same effect.
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Filtration
There are a number of devices on the market that filter out microorganisms. A water filter pumps water through a microscopic filter that is rated for a certain-size organism. The standard size rating is the micron (the period at the end of this sentence is about 600 microns). Depending on the micron rating of the filter, smaller organisms (like viruses) can pass through. Be cautious when selecting a filter. You should know what potential organisms you need to treat for. You don’t want to go to an area where a virus like hepatitis A is present in the water (a problem in some developing countries) with a filter that will handle only a larger organism like Giardia.
Common microorganisms and the filter size needed:
Organism Examples General Size Filter Type Particle Size Rating
Protozoa Giardia, Cryptosporidium 5 microns or larger Water filter 1.0–4.0 microns
Bacteria Cholera, E. coli, Salmonella 0.2–0.5 microns Microfilter 0.2–1.0 microns
Viruses Hepatitis A, rotavirus, Norwalk virus 0.004 microns Water purifier to 0.004 microns
There are two basic types of filters (descriptions of several popular models begin on the facing page).
Membrane Filters use thin sheets with precisely sized pores that prevent objects larger than the pore size from passing through. Pro: Relatively easy to clean. Con: Clog more quickly than depth filters. Example: PUR-Hiker.
Depth Filters use thick porous materials such as carbon or ceramic to trap particles as water flows through the material. Pro: Can be partially cleaned by backwashing. Activated carbon filters also remove a range of organic chemicals and heavy metals. Con: Rough treatment can crack the filter, rendering it useless. Examples: MSR WaterWorks II, Katadyn.
Note: There is a difference between a water filter and a water purifier. Filters do not filter out viruses, but there are water purifiers, like the PUR Scout, that pass the water through both a filter and an iodine compound that kills any smaller organisms that have passed through the filter. These purifiers kill all microorganisms down to 0.004 microns; however, the filter should not be used by people who are allergic to iodine.
Common Practices for Using a Water Filter
Filter the cleanest water you can find. Dirty water or water with large suspended particles will clog your filter more quickly.
Prefilter the water either through a prefilter on the pump or strain it through a bandanna.
If you must filter dirty water, let it stand overnight for particles to settle out.
Tricks of the Trail
Some water filters come as sealed cartridges, making it impossible to inspect the actual filter cartridge. If the filter takes a serious fall, it could crack internally. If the filter inside cracks, unfiltered water can flow through the crack. Treat your filter with care, and if it takes a significant impact, throw it away. Remember, any intake hose from a water filter has been submerged in unfiltered water. Treat this hose as "contaminated" and keep it in a separate plastic bag.
This material is provided by the author for educational use only and is not a substitute for specific training or experience. Princeton University and the author assume no liability for any individual's use of or reliance upon any material contained or referenced herein. When going into outdoors it is your responsibility to have the proper knowledge, experience, and equipment to travel safely. This material may not be reproduced in any form for commercial or Internet publication without express written permission of the author. Copyright © 1999, all rights reserved, Random House Publishing & Rick Curtis, Outdoor Action Program, Princeton University. |
|
48 |
Water: in winter |
1/14/2007 |
Plastic GI flasks can be used to carry water next to your body in a coat. This will give you access to water while traveling with out the water freezing. |
|
47 |
Water: in winter |
1/14/2007 |
Carring water in winter is difficult due to freezing. A camel back is ok but unless you blow the water back into the bag, the tube will freeze and you will not get water needed. One the trail, I find that if I carry two small nalgene bottles in my jacket pocket with a spill cap, I do not experience this problem. In addition I call 2 extra liters of water in my pack in nalgene bottles. Upside down (ice forms at top). I do carry a camel back when weather is above 25 degrees. |
|
35 |
Winter Driving |
12/28/2006 |
Keep the gas tank near full to help avoid ice in the tank and fuel lines.
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|
39 |
Winter Driving |
12/29/2006 |
Drink water regularly. Even if you aren’t thirsty, stay hydrated. But don’t eat snow -- it can lower your body temperature. Keep a coffee can and candle in a survival kit to melt snow if necessary. |
|
38 |
Winter Driving |
12/28/2006 |
Remember where the shelter is. As snow piles up around your car, it becomes a metal-framed snow cave. Snow is an insulator, and will help keep the constant temperature inside your car at freezing or just above. But remember to allow outside air in, even if you have to tunnel from your window to the outside.
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|
36 |
Winter Driving |
12/28/2006 |
Don’t panic. If you drive off the road, or can’t continue because of blinding snow and must pull over, stay calm and think about your situation. If you lose your sense of direction in a blinding storm, remember that winter storms usually have wind blowing from the north to northeast |
|
34 |
Winter Driving |
12/28/2006 |
If you must travel, pack a winter emergency kit that includes jumper cables, a flashlight, rope or cord, nonperishable snack, water, ice scraper, a blanket, warm clothes, snow boots, small shovel, bag of cat litter or sand and first aid kit. Chains may also be advisable for mountain driving.
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33 |
Winter Driving |
12/28/2006 |
Turn on headlights to create better visibility. Don’t drive on bald tires.
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|
32 |
Winter Driving |
12/28/2006 |
Stay at least two car lengths from vehicle in front of you for every 10 mph of speed.
|
|
31 |
Winter Driving |
12/28/2006 |
Slow down; it decreases the space you need to stop. |
|
37 |
Winter Driving |
12/28/2006 |
Stay in your car. If you feel you have to leave it and investigate, but still want to find your way back, use a length of cord (if it’s not already in your car survival kit, add it); tie one end around your waist and the other end to your car |
|
53 |
Winter shelter/ tent |
3/1/2007 |
Accumulating snow can be extremely heavy and your tent could collapse. Dome tents are ideal for winter camping, but do also purchase a ground sheet or tarp to lie down before you set the tent up. Your body heat will melt snow underneath you and create a layer of ice that could potentially damage the tent floor or make it wet.
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